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—— Several issues that need to be clarified in Sino -US economic and trade friction

Qingyuan

　　For more than a year，U.S. government unilaterally provoked and continuously upgraded Sino -US economic and trade friction，It brings adverse effects to the economic and trade relations and world economic development of the two countries。It is right and wrong around this rare economic and trade dispute，A large number of remarks have been made at home and abroad，The cause is more clear、The truth is even more clear。Many problems involved in Sino -US economic and trade friction，There are still a lot of questions that need to be clarified further，Chinese people are convinced，Chinese are not afraid of reason，The truth is more distinguished。

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　　Some people in the United States provoke friction in economic and trade with China，The most direct reason，It is believed that the United States "suffered losses" in Sino -US economic and trade relations，China has obtained huge benefits from Sino -US economic and trade relations，China's development threatens the economic security of the United States and even the entire national security。This kind of view full of prejudice in the Cold War，Reflecting the "zero -sum game" thinking of hegemonism。Is Sino -US economic and trade relations "zero -sum game" or mutual benefit and win -win? This question has very clear answers in theoretical and practical。

　　In international economic cooperation，Normal trade relationship is a mutually beneficial relationship based on equivalent exchange，instead of you more, I less、The "Zero -Peace Game" you lose me to win。International trade is conducive to promoting resources to optimize allocation worldwide，Promote the common development of the economy of various countries，Promote the common progress of human society，The history of international trade has long proved that this practice is effective，Practical experience has also become the basic principle of international economics，The facts of Sino -US economic and trade cooperation have also made the same verification。Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States，In terms of bilateral trade，1979 to 2018，The trade volume of bilateral goods has increased from less than 2.5 billion US dollars to $ 633.5 billion，increased by 252 times; in the field of two -way investment，For the past 40 years，China and the United States' two -way investment from almost zero to nearly 160 billion US dollars，China and the United States are important investment partners of the other party，The bidirection and reciprocity of investment further appear。Proof of the development of Sino -US economic and trade relations，Sino -U.S.、Is there any interoperability，strongly promoted the optimization and upgrade of their respective economic development and industrial structure，Economic and trade exchanges between the two parties are the relationship between Huize each other，instead of China's "loss" process in the United States。

　　Look further，International trade will enhance the interests of participating countries as a whole，But the distribution of this interest in the participating countries may be uneven。Certificate of International Value Theory，In the international market，The value of the product depends on the necessary labor time of the international community，Exchange due to international value，Higher parties with labor productivity are more advantageous in exchange，Will get more interests。State can be continuously exchanged，Even repeatedly exchanges the size of the scale，However, the profitability of both parties may not be equal because of this。No doubt，Higher labor productivity of American companies，Higher status in the global value chain，In international exchange is more profitable party。In the field of foreign trade，There was a saying，China needs to export hundreds of millions of shirts to replace a US Boeing aircraft。Although this example is shocking，but also a reflection of the law of trade。For a long time，The United States in currency、Technology、Market and even industry standards have monopoly power，Therefore, in international trade, the monopoly profit that exceeds the normal profit level，American companies and families have also fully enjoyed a rich product from developing home and cheap products from developing countries, including China，Get huge benefits。Of course，China has also obtained benefits from Sino -US economic and trade，But this is all obtained by the Chinese people with hard work，It's not because of the advantage of the United States。At the same time, see，China is at the low -end of the production value chain，The United States is in the mid -to -high -end value chain，China has paid a huge price in economic and trade transactions。

　　Why do some people in the United States ignore the facts，Stubbornly believes that the United States "suffers" in Sino -US economic and trade relations? The key is that the "zero -sum game" thinking of hegemony is。After World War II，The United States replaces the old Western European Empire Empires with its super strength，The center of becoming the capitalist world system。After the Cold War is over，The United States has become the world's unprecedented superpower，The thinking of hegemonism has penetrated into the bone marrow of some people in the United States。They consider with the thinking of hegemonism，China will be seen in any aspect to make the United States "suffer"，China is close or even surpassed in any field as "threats" to the United States。In their minds，Only the long -term locking in China is in the attached position，Suppress at the low -end of the industrial chain，And the United States is a forever monopoly position，Yongba Bai sovereignty，Monopoly Monopoly，Only "fairness" and "security" are obtained; once it is considered that the relationship between equal competition between China and the United States is believed to be，Even if this relationship is mutually beneficial，It does not meet the goals of its hegemonism，Be sure to curb and suppress。

　　There are such ridiculous "zero -sum games" thinking，How can it shape normal Sino -US economic and trade relations?

　　2. Is the "fair trade" emphasized by the United States really fair?

　　Some people in the United States accuse China of adopting unfairness、Disposable trade policy，As a result, the US trade deficit with China appears。They try to take "fair trade" for the reason，Occupy high points in international public opinion。But，What is "fair trade"?

　　Fairness is a category of history。In international trade，Due to the development stage of different countries、Different conditions and interests of interests，In order to make the trade go smoothly，Internationally formed a specification for establishing trade rules through equal negotiation。That is to say，Fairness or not is not a country to say，How to change the rules should not depend on the interests of a certain country，Instead, Sky bet sports betting Sky bet football APP it should be determined by equal negotiations in various countries。Realize fair trade，It must be consistent with negotiation、Principles of mutual benefit，Respect the contract spirit and international rules in international trade，Abandon any of my only respect、Only me、Only my exclusive wrong idea。

　　The "fair trade" emphasized by some people in the United States is not based on international rules，Instead, it is based on "U.S. Priority"，A goal with the maintenance of the United States' own interests，The core is the so -called "peer" open，That is, the tariff level of each specific product and the market access of each specific industry are completely consistent with the United States，Seeking absolutely equivalent。This absolutely peer surface seems fair，But because it ignores the development right of developing countries，In fact, it is extremely unfair。

　　The so -called "peer" opened by some people in the United States，It's just a rhetoric。Looking at the history since the founding of the United States，On the issue of openness，Some people in the United States have always implemented dual standards: when the country needs support for capital accumulation，The way to protectism and national intervention; when having obvious competitive advantages，It is required to open the market unconditionally in other countries，Forcibly promotes free trade in order to make profits from it; when its competitive advantage slowly weakened due to the chase of the post -developed country，Re -sacrifice the banner of trade protectionism。On the one hand，Using free trade in the world market to play the advantage of its own monopoly capital against the post -developed country，Try to maintain the country's capital in the market、Technology and other monopoly positions; on the other hand，Use national power，Take various protectionist and hegemonic measures，Try to suppress、Capital that contains other national strength -whether it is state -owned capital or private capital。This kind of economic hegemony logic is "orthodox" by ideology，Interpret the advantages of competitors as an ideological "heresy"。The representative of the German historical school, Liszt, uses the saying "ladder"，A wonderful irony of this trick: After a person has climbed to the peak，The ladder he used when he gradually climbed up and kicked it away，Legate for others to follow him。This is the essence of the dual standards of some people in the United States.。

　　For a long time，There is a serious unfair phenomenon in the field of international trade，This unfairness is mainly reflected in developed countries such as the United States to use its own technological advantages and monopoly power，Get resources at low prices in developing countries in international trade、Labor and product，Selling high -tech products and services at high prices。This unfair trade pattern brings huge benefits to the United States at the same time，It also caused major losses in developing countries。In fact，The United States uses this advantage in international trade to occupy the cheapness of countries，But some people in the United States complained that trade is unfair to trade，Is this pursuing "power" or "axiom"?

　　Review History，Some people in the United States have repeatedly put on the "unfair" hat for competitors。When the EU's strength rises，The EU is regarded as "unfair competitor"; when Japan has a surpassing trend，Japan is regarded as a "unfair competitor"; now，China has become the "unfair competitor" in the eyes of some people in the United States。Historical experience is worth noting，"Fairness" and "unfairness" advocated by some people in the United States are completely set by their own private positions，With strong unilateralism and self -interest colors。"Unfair Trade" has become a universal tool for some people in the United States to implement hegemonism，When it is needed, it will be taken out，Which country is strong when it is strong。

　　The rules of the World Trade Organization are negotiated by various economies、Generally recognized，If a trade dispute occurs between member states，It should be solved within the framework of the WTO，This is the basic principle of maintaining fair international economic and trade relations。The United States, as one of the founding countries of the WTO，It should abide by this basic principle。But，Some people in the United States didn’t do this，On the contrary, it goes by bypassed the World Trade Organization to engage in trade bullying.，Keep using your own advantage to provoke economic and trade frictions。，Of course, it will never bring fair trade。If they really have the sincerity of solving economic and trade problems，Should I reflect on whether the "fair trade" I emphasizes the "fair trade" is really fair，Going out of its own "fair trade" fence，Find a practical way to solve economic and trade problems in equal negotiation with various countries。

　　Three, do you pursue unilateralism?

　　Some people in the United States are under the banner of "U.S. Priority"，Practical unilateralist policy，On the one hand, domestic law surrounds the international law，Use unilateral means to suppress another country，strikes the friction of economic and trade on all sides; on the other hand，Contempt for multilateral rules and multilateral trading systems，Exit the Iran Nuclear Agreement、Paris Climate Agreement、UNESCO and Human Rights Council，Publicly oppose the concept of globalism。"U.S. Priority" slogan and unilateral behavior method，It seems to become a set of "inner self -consistent logic"。

　　From the surface，Unilateralism is to "de -globalization" and "anti -globalization"，Delivery。But，This is just one of them。There is a more important side，That is, some people in the United States implement unilateralism，It is because of the multilateralism of equal cooperation that constitutes their hands and feet，Not in line with its "U.S. Priority" strategy，Is not conducive to consolidating the status of hegemony。So，They are eager to pass aggressive unilateralism，In international competition, crushes the opponent with its own strong strength advantages、Each break，Formation to establish a global order that is more in line with "US priority"，Maintaining its global overlord position，and block the road where the latecomers move forward，Stop the pace of the overtime。The Assistant to President's National Security Affairs Bolton has a "famous saying" revealing: "If I let me build (United Nations) Security Council today，I will set up only one permanent member country，Because this can truly reflect the global power distribution。"" The hegemonism that dominate the world is clearly exposed。

　　Today's World，The development of the scientific and technological revolution and productivity promotes the increasingly deepening of international division of labor，Socialized production is more extensive and in -depth than any era，Economic globalization has become an unstoppable historical trend，From the acceleration of trade、Globalization of investment and production factor flow，The world economy sky bet online casino has formed "You have me，Sky bet sports betting APP I have you in me "，Relying on each other、Break with each other、Open -type open pattern。No country can maintain a monopoly position in a way of rejecting competition，Monopoly must not fully、Excluding competition in the world market for a long time。This is an objective economic law，No one can violate it。

　　With the deepening of each other between countries，Emerging market countries and developing countries rise，Comparison of international forces has undergone profound changes，Democraticization of world multi -polarization and international relations has become an irreversible trend of the times。The idea of ​​monopoly international affairs has lagged behind the times，Actions of monopoly international affairs are destined to be unsuccessful。Things in the world can only be discussed by countries。Any country under the banner of "priority"，Demonstrate to destroy international rules，Forming other countries，Failure to lose name。

　　Pursuit of unilateralism、Hegemonism will never go out，This is the basic consensus of the international community，Many Americans are also very clear。As early as the beginning of this century，A famous American international political scholar has predicted: "One day，The United States seems to be unable to defeat，The next day，The prosperous world is no longer "，"The rise of other forces、American -style micro，and American unilateralist internationalism，It will make the single pole of the United States become a flashy at all times "。Under the tide of economic globalization，Only insist on opening cooperation，Only to get more development opportunities and more development space。

　　4. Can scientific and technological hegemonism succeed?

　　Science and Technology is the crystallization of human civilization，It is the common wealth of human society。but，In the eyes of some people in the United States，Technology has become its own monopoly right for exclusive exclusive exclusive。In order to maintain its hegemonic position in the field of economy and technology，The U.S. government has long implemented high -tech export control policies in my country，In this economic and trade friction，It is even unscrupulous abuse of national power，Technical blockade of Chinese enterprises on the grounds of national security，Covering and curbing Chinese high -tech enterprises，Try to suppress the development of China's high -tech industry，Squeezing the market of Chinese high -tech products。This upside -down scientific and technological hegemonicist actions，Never succeed。

　　Science and technology is the first productive force，The technological strength determines the economic strength and international competitiveness of a country to a large extent，Determine changes in the comparison of world political and economic forces，It also determines the future fate of nations and nations in various countries。Because the development of science and technology has such an important role，So the hegemonic thinking of some people in the United States、Monopoly practices and dual standards are vividly displayed in this field。Geipania Gali, Adam Gali, depicts the mentality of some people in the United States in an article: driven by this zero -sum thinking，China was accused when I was too little innovation，Chinese innovation is also accused for too much time，Also suffers from protectionist tariffs，This illustrates the hypocrisy of the United States，It exposes a narrow、Selfic mentality，Phenomenon of common success in the win -win mode。The purpose of some people in Sky bet football the United States，It is nothing more than wanting to exclude China permanently outside the forefront of scientific and technological innovation，Always accept the peel of American monopoly capital。

　　But，This is just the wishful thinking of hegemonyists。In the era of economic globalization，The interconnection and dependence of scientific and technological activities in various countries in the world is unprecedentedly deepened，The advancement of science and technology has become a result of the joint participation of countries around the world.。Especially under the promotion of the rapid development of information network technology，Exchange and spread of science and technology、speed and scale have reached unprecedented levels。The globalization process of scientific and technological innovation is the premise speed，Global diffusion and penetration of science and technology is increasingly strengthened，The exchanges and mutual learning of various countries in the field of science and technology are more frequent，Corporation of multinational joint research becomes normal，The global application of scientific and technological innovation achievements is the general trend。

　　Promoting scientific and technological innovation and progress is the legitimate pursuit of each country，Strengthening scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges is an important driving force to promote the development of human society。In order to better meet the people's growing good life needs，better benefit the Chinese people and the people of the world，Vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation，Promoting scientific and technological progress，Strengthen scientific and technological cooperation，Opposition to science and technology hegemony，This is our mission，It is also our right。

　　Long -term unremitting efforts，China's scientific and technological development has achieved great achievements，attracted widespread attention from the international community。These technological achievements，Not "stolen"，It is not obtained by "mandatory transfer technology"，but tens of millions of technical workers self -reliance、Results of hard struggle，The result of China ’s cooperation based on mutual benefit and win -win。China's vibrant scientific and technological innovation career and the worldwide development achievement certificate，The United States suppress the so -called "competitors"，It cannot guarantee its leading position。

　　Five. Is the limit pressure on China?

　　To achieve your own purpose with the means of pressure，It is the trick of some American people in international negotiations，Mei's name "Art of Trading"。Its main feature is to attack with multiple faces、The asking price for the sky is the means，At the same time on multi -issues in cross -domain multi -issue games，Then turn to compromise，Darkness Chen Cang，As a result，Rely on power to maintain hegemony，By bullying blackmail to defeat the opponent。Some people in the United States feel that the extreme pressure is extremely powerful，Determined "played" for China。

　　Is the extreme pressure? The U.S. government is dealing with some weak countries，Waves and sanction "Big Stick"，Relying on strong strength and limit pressure，Keep your own interests in other countries。Some countries，or because of weak comprehensive strength，or because of long -term dependent relationships，Forced by the strong economic and political pressure in the United States，In the negotiation, I have to make a compromise and concession in accordance with the requirements Sky bet sports betting APP of the United States，Sky bet online sports betting APP download Best Ning Ning Ren，Then his wish。This situation is much more，It is inevitable that some people in the United States form a thinking fixed formula，All countries, including China, will be afraid of extreme pressure applied strategies，It will definitely yield under its strong high pressure。

　　Unfortunately，Some people in the United States have wrong the situation、Find the wrong object、Meskeepable abacus。Cooperation is principled，Consultation is equal、mutual benefit、Integrity，China will never give up in major principles。China is an increasingly stronger country，Not the "lamb" that is not slaughtered by others，Some people in the United States try to force the Chinese Fan with the limit of pressure on the limit.，Destined to futile。Orthoip who isolation in China will in turn, isolate yourself，Pressure for the extreme of China，It will inevitably cause great rejection and strong opposition of the Chinese people。A few times in American history have reviewed who should take responsibility for "losing China"。May I ask some people in the United States today，Can you afford such historical responsibilities?

　　Respect each other、Equality and mutual benefit is the basic criterion of modern international relations。But the extreme pressure application strategy adopted by some people in the United States，But it seriously violates this basic criterion，great damage to the world trade rules and international order。Historical experience indicates，Try to reach an agreement through the limits of pressure，It will only destroy mutual trust and cooperation between the two parties，Historical opportunities of missing cooperation。Some people in the United States take extreme pressure on China，Not only is it not conducive to the solution of the problem，It will further harm the interests of all parties。

　　Extreme pressure seems to be aggressive，In fact, the color is intense。Unilateralism pursued by the United States、Protection and trade bullyingism，The adverse effect on its internationally and domestic formation is getting bigger and bigger，Gradually become an important force for differentiation of US political forces。Extreme pressure can only make countries around the world see the essence of American hegemonism more，Make the United States more and more isolated in the international community。

　　6. Can trade protection achieve the "manufacturing return" in the United States?

　　This year's US government took office，I proposed "Buy American Products，Political principle of hiring American workers "，Emphasize promoting "manufacturing return"。Some people in the United States "one -handed carrot，One -handed stick "，Give preferential policies to companies coming to the United States，For those who close the US factory、Enterprises to go to overseas factories，Take the tariffs to make an article，Forcing companies to return to the United States for production。These trade protectionist actions，Can the United States realize "manufacturing backflow"?

　　Whether the "manufacturing backflow" can be realized，First of all, what is the cause of the outflow of the US manufacturing industry。

　　Looking at the domestic economy，The outflow of its manufacturing industry is determined by the law of the US economy。In the process of economic globalization，To achieve the maximum profit，The US multinational companies transfer more and more industries to developing countries。They transfer through industrial transfer，Reduce cost、Expand the market、Transfer pollution，Improve the profit space of capital。At the same time，More and more capital avoids the real economic department with lower profit margins，Instead of investing in the financial field，Entering financial speculation activities，As a result, the American economy has hollow and virtualization。

　　Looking at the foreign economy，The outflow of the manufacturing industry in the United States is determined by the laws of international economic operations。In the existing international economic system，USD belongs to the world currency，Living in the hegemony，Based on this, the operating pattern of the world economy is formed，Its main features are: the US supply US dollar currency，Other countries, especially developing countries including China, supplies material products。U.S. imports in large quantities，Form a trade deficit，Exit a lot in other countries，Form a trade surplus。This means，Try to reduce the trade deficit through the return of the US manufacturing industry，It is likely to damage the US dollar hegemony position。In fact，2018 US manufacturing added value accounted for only 11.4%，Financial Insurance、The proportion of real estate and rental industry accounts for 20.7%，The degree of de -industrialization and finance is even more serious than 2007 before the international financial crisis。Visible，It is not easy to realize the return of the manufacturing industry。

　　Industrial production index reflecting the output of American industrial products indicates，After the seasonal adjustment，Whether it is the entire industrial department or the manufacturing department，Basically in a negative growth state in the first 4 months of 2019，decreased by 1.3%and 1.6%compared with the end of 2018。The overall industrial overall industrial and manufacturing capacity and utilization rates that reflect the prosperity of the American industrial industry are 77.9%and 75.7%in the first 4 months of 2019，79.8%and 78.3%from the average of 79.8%and 78.3%from 1972 to 2018。So，From the overall perspective，The manufacturing industry in the United States has not re -prosper in trade protection policies。

　　The global division of labor in the manufacturing industry is the extension of the socialization of production in the world，It is the general trend of productivity development。Although this trend will be disturbed by the policy of some countries，but it is never possible to reverse。The current government of the United States will hope to use tariffs to levy tariffs、Gaozhu trade barriers and other means to manufacture economic and trade frictions，Paste the "Standard Tag"、Threats tax increases and other methods requires US -funded multinational companies to return to the United States，This approach will not achieve the expected effect。The US manufacturing industry will not go back and not say，Instead, it will severely damage the global value chain，impact global resource allocation，generate a wide range of negative overflow effects，Reduce the operating efficiency of the global economy。

　　7. Can economic and trade friction promote the prosperity of the US economy?

　　Since 2019，US employment rate、The market value of the stock market remains double high，In the first quarter of the actual GDP annualized season, the initial value of 3.2%was 3.2%... Since the United States provoked Sino -US economic and trade frictions，The US economy seems pretty good，This has become the so -called "bottom gas" that some people in the United States constantly upgrade economic and trade frictions。But how to objectively evaluate the so -called "prosperity" of the US Sky bet sports betting APP economy，Need comprehensive rational analysis。

　　From some indicators，sky bet online sports betting U.S. economy is going up，But can it last，The focus depends on the status of capital accumulation。In the first quarter of 2019, the growth rate of fixed capital investment in the US private sector was only 1.0%，significantly lower than the growth rate in 2017 and 2018。According to the official data released by the United States，April 2019，US durable goods orders fell 2.1%month -on -month，More than the expected decline of 2.0%。Important indicators to measure economic expansion -core capital，The transportation volume of April fell by 0.9%。From the perspective of development trends，Economists are controversial about the prospects of the US economy。A recent investigation report released by the National Commercial Economy Association of the United States，Many economists prediction，The possibility of recession before the end of 2020 is almost doubled，This is mainly due to the US government's trade protectionist policy。

　　There are many studies indicating，Looking at it for a long time，The US economy is in the so -called economic "long wave" decline period，Not steadily rising，Instead of steadily drop，Many scholars, including the former US Treasury Secretary Samer, use "long -term stagnation" to describe the US economic performance。There is currently no strong evidence that it has been improved in the medium and long -term economic fundamentals in the United States。Although some people in the United States constantly boast "the best economy in history"，But the facts are better than the argument。The average annual GDP growth rate of the United States is 4.0%from 1950-1979，1980-2007 is 3.0%，2010-2016 is 2.2%，In the past two years, it is 2.55%。Obviously，The growth rate of the past two years is not only significantly lower than the so -called "Golden Age" after the war and the "Clinton Prosperity" in the 1990s，Compared with Obama's administration in the middle and late stages, it is only basically the same，It is far from the commitment that the economic growth rate has reached more than 4%。

　　The United States has limited effects to drive economic growth with tax cuts，The pressure caused to finance is huge。In recent years，U.S. Federal Budget deficit rose rapidly。February this year，Data released by the US Treasury Department，The scale of public debt in the United States has reached 2.201 trillion US dollars。CEO of the US dual -line capital, known as the "new debt king", bluntly said，The growth of the US economy is just the growth of debt。American Citi Bank also warns，The market began to question the "fatal moment" of the US solvency capacity is coming。This "fatal moment"，It is likely to accelerate due to the upgrading of Sino -US economic and trade friction。

　　Sino -US economic and trade friction will have a serious negative impact on the US economy，Become a heavy burden to drag the US economy。From the perspective of production，Sino -US manufacturing industry has a high degree of interdependence，Many American manufacturers depend on China's raw materials and middle products，Examination of tariffs with each other will inevitably increase the production cost of American companies，Reduce corporate profits。From the perspective of consumption，Putting tariffs will lead to rising domestic price levels，Consumers will increase more expenditure to the same number of products，Therefore, demand decreases at the existing income level。From the perspective of import and export，Sino -US mutual tariffs will directly lead to the decline in the US exports，At the same time, due to the increase in production costs of American companies，Lottering in international competitiveness in American products，Exit was affected。

　　In the era of economic globalization，Trade protectionism is poison rather than good recipe，There is no winner for economic and trade friction，The injury will hurt yourself。The Great Crisis of the 1930s swept the world，An important reason is the barriers to build tariffs in the United States and Europe and Europe、Big Fight Trade War。Yin Jian is not far away!

　　8. Does the additional tariffs meet the interests of the people in the United States?

　　When the US government upgrade economic and trade friction，A ridiculous theory of self -deception has been made up by some people in the United States，This is the so -called "plus tariffs on the United States"。From last year's "trade war is good"，To this day, it is constantly promoting that China is paying huge tariffs on the United States ... These huge taxes will be directly handed over to the US Ministry of Finance，Tariffs will bring more wealth to the United States，Even the amazing trading of traditional types ... This series is completely contrary to economics common sense，It's just that some people in the United States cover up the hazard of trade war、Just cheating the public's support。

　　The essence of trade protectionism for capitalist countries，A great economist has long exposed it: the protection tariff system implemented by the bourgeoisie in the name of the country and the nation，It's just "Manufacturing Factory Lord、Detaled independent workers、A kind of artificial means to make nationals' production materials and daily data capital "。In fact，Trade protectionism is while harming the interests of other countries，It still harms the interests of the American people，It is a re -distribution that is only conducive to the interests of a few major monopoly capitals in the United States。

　　Economic and trade frictions damage the interests of ordinary American consumers。The principle of transfer according to the tax burden，Because a large part of the Chinese -American transmission and the United States is ordinary consumer goods，Requirements are less elastic and elastic，Therefore, the United States impose tariffs on Chinese goods，Most of them will be passed on to American consumers。The study of the famous investment bank Goldman Sachs believes，After the U.S. government levies tariffs on Chinese goods last year，Chinese exporters have not reduced prices for "better in the US market competition"，So，Tariff costs are mainly passed on to American companies and families，As a result, the price of consumer goods rises，Push the US core inflation rate。

　　Economic and trade friction is not conducive to the employment of American workers。Adding tariffs will lead to an increase in the cost of labor in American workers，Restricted the needs of the company for labor，Employment growth is restricted。American companies will also have to bear higher raw material prices，and reduce the efficiency of resource allocation due to the transfer of some resources in the economy to the field of taxation。Famous American economist Paul Crugman's comments published by the New York Times pointed out，The Trump administration set off a trade war without strategicly.，Extra tariff burden will be mainly passed on to the domestic downstream manufacturers，It will eventually let the United States defeat。

　　If you have a loss, you must get it，There will always be some people benefit from improving tariffs，supporters of becoming a tariff policy。Who are these people? Sky bet football Of course, it is impossible to be an ordinary people in Sky bet football the United States，It is mainly a few major monopoly capital in the United States。Professor Jeffrey Sax, a well -known American economist, can be described as a script: China is not the root of American economic issues，The greed of American companies is。The real struggle target faced by the United States is not China，but those big companies in the United States。American corporate leaders and rich groups actively promote tax cuts、Expand the monopoly and outsourcing the manufacturing industry into a country with low labor costs，They do this to increase profits，However, they are very opposed to those policies that help promote the fairness of American society。

　　Economic and trade friction The final consequences，Just benefit a few Americans，and most Americans will be damaged。

　　Nine, will China -US economic and trade frictions overwhelm the Chinese economy?

　　The United States continues to upgrade Sino -US economic and trade friction，The United States implements trade bullying and various blockades to China，It will undoubtedly adversely affect the production and operation of Chinese enterprises and people's consumption and expectations，Increase the pressure of economic downturn。but，If we do not have a short -term economic fluctuation，Not trapped in the gains and losses for a while，Instead of global、Long -term and fundamental vision to calmly and objective review，You can draw such a conclusion: affect the overall controllable，The trend is unchanged，Obvious comprehensive advantages，There is sufficient regulatory means，Challenges and opportunities。

　　Look at the overall controllable overall。2018，my country's export dependence is only 18.24%，The impact of exports on China's economic growth is gradually becoming smaller。Since this year，In the face of world economic growth and the slowdown of international trade，China's economy is good，Main economic indicators remain in a reasonable range，China's economic structure is optimizing，The development method is changing，Quality and Effects are increasing，Stable and good situation is getting more and more obvious。Sino -US economic and trade friction seems to affect public expectations，Make investors make irrational choices。But actually since 2018，Stable employment in the central government、Stable Finance、Stable Foreign Trade、Stable foreign capital、Stable Investment、Under a series of policies such as steady expectations，China's economic operation is steady and good。China's policy tools available are a variety of，is mature and reliable，It can show your body at any time。Do not underestimate China's policy preparation and ability experience for economic and trade frictions。

　　Looking at the good trend is unchanged。Although China -US economic and trade friction adds new variables to my country's economy，But my country's economic development has not changed for a long time，The good support foundation and conditions of continuous growth have not changed，The forward trend of the adjustment and optimization of the economic structure has not changed。China has nearly 1.4 billion people、900 million laborers、170 million Talent resources with higher education and skills、The world's largest secondary income group、More than 100 million household market subjects。China is the largest country in the world's manufacturing industry，With an independent and complete industrial system and the national economic system，It is the only country in the world to have all industrial categories in the United Nations industry category。The dominant economic development model of domestic demand has become a powerful weapon for China to resist the risk of foreign trade，The contribution rate of domestic demand to economic growth in 2018 reached 108.6%，Among them, the final consumption contribution rate reaches 76.2%，Consumption has become the main engine that drives economic growth。Strategic emerging industries、The new motivation represented by the sharing economy is continuously expanding，Injecting new vitality into China's economic development。2018，China’s R & D investment is second in the global ranking，Technology innovation ability is continuously improved，New Industry、New format、The new model is booming，The economy shows a good situation of high -quality development。

　　Look at the comprehensive advantage obvious。From time、Space、The triple superposition of the institutional advantage，my country as a developed socialist country，Economic development has special advantages。First, in the process of accelerating industrialization and urbanization，Production factors transfer from agriculture to industrial transfer，Economic departments and social undertakings will have explosive growth，This is the general law of the transformation and upgrading of the post -developing economy。The second is the population advantage as a great country、Space advantage、Domestic demand advantages、Capital accumulation advantages，It will provide strong toughness、Potential and Rotary room。Third, the combination of socialism and market economy，Can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties，Make various resources effective use，With obvious institutional advantages。The advantages of these three elements have created a miracle of the Chinese economy，Now this advantage is continuously expanding rather than decrease。

　　Depending on the regulatory method。Enter the new era，China adheres to the guidance of new development concepts，firmly grasp the fundamental requirements of high -quality development，Taking supply -side structural reforms as the main line，Constantly innovate and improve macro -control，Get valuable experience，Forms a combination of government and market、Short -term and medium- and long -term combination、Total and structure binding、Domestic and international coordination、Complete macro -control system for reform and development。Now，Whether it is fiscal policy、Monetary policy、Income Policy，Still industrial policy、Science and Technology Policy、Investment policy, etc.，There is sufficient space。China is completely conditional、Capability、Confidence to deal with various risk challenges。

　　It is a challenge and an opportunity。The world is facing a big change in the world today。Facing the severe challenge of Sino -US economic and trade friction，Strong Leadership of the Communist Party of China、Political advantages of concentrated strength to do major events will be further highlighted，It will condense all the hearts、The people's power of the Zhizhi Chengcheng，Transforming crisis into opportunities for development，Transforming development pressure into high -quality development motivation。Aware more soberly，my country still has outstanding shortcomings in the key core technology field，The key core technology is to come、Can't buy it、Can't be discussed，We must take the initiative sky bet online sports betting of innovation、Development active power firmly in your own hands，sky bet online casino Continuously increase investment and research and development of key core technology areas，Gathering more high -end talents，Improve technological innovation ability，Get rid of core technology and suffer from people's dilemma。Aware more soberly，To grasp the general trend of the development of the new industrial revolution and the development of the scientific and technological revolution，Grasp the digitalization、Network、Intelligent development opportunities，Explore new technology、New format、New mode，Explore new growth momentum and development path，Efforts to walk at the forefront of the world in the new technology field，Enhancement ability to resist various risks and challenges。

　　10. China's position and attitude towards Sino -US economic and trade frictions

　　Since some people in the United States have provoked Sino -US economic and trade frictions，The differences between China and the United States gradually clarify，It is nothing more than: zero -sum game or mutual benefit and win -win，Apocalypse or cooperation，closed or open，Monopoly or competition，Unilateralism or multilateralism，etc.。Flamed Tim，It is an old road for hegemonism，Still a new way to build a community of human destiny。On these major principles，China's position and attitude are clear and firm、Always one。

　　Facing some people in the United States to provoke and upgrade economic and trade friction，China is unwilling to fight，Not afraid of playing，I have to fight if necessary。China starts from maintaining the common interests of the two countries and the overall situation of the world trade order，Responsive the concerns proposed by the United States with great sincerity，overcome all kinds of difficulties，Putting a pragmatic solution，and conduct 11 rounds of high -level economic and trade consultations with the United States，Reflect that China is unwilling to fight the trade war。But the United States constantly challenges China's "bottom line"，The "Red Line"，Attempt to sacrifice China's development rights as a price，Even damage China's sovereignty and dignity，This is the never being able to accept the Chinese people。China is looking forward to both parties in respect、The principle of equality and mutual benefit reached a mutually beneficial and win -win agreement，Sincerity is consistent，Principles are also indestructible。China will not be afraid of any threats and oppression of the US upgrade economic and trade friction，China has no choice，No retreat，Only resolute struggle to the end。Anyone、Any forces should not underestimate and look at the strong and toughness of the Chinese people's iron and steel will!

　　Facing the implementation of unilateralism and protectionism in the face of the U.S. government，China insists on mutual benefit and win -win，Promote the establishment of a community of human destiny。China will continue to play the role of a responsible country，Firmly maintaining global and regional strategic stability，Promoting mutual benefit and win -win cooperation between China and other developed countries and the majority of developing countries，Firmly follow the road of peaceful development，Promote the establishment of a community of human destiny。China as a permanent member of the UN Security Council，It will continue with the international community，firm defending the United Nations as the core，International system based on international law，Promoting construction mutual respect、Fairness and justice、New international relations with win -win cooperation，Promote the construction of lasting peace、General security、Common prosperity、Open tolerance、Clean and beautiful world。China will further promote high -quality co -construction of the “Belt and Road”，Adhering to the principle of co -business, co -construction and sharing，Efforts to realize policy communication、Facilities Unicom、Freshly trade、Financial Fortune、People's hearts are connected，Building a global interconnection partnership，Create new opportunities for development for countries around the world，constantly moving towards the community of human destiny。

　　Facing some people in the United States to continuously challenge and destroy the current international order，China firmly maintains the multilateral trade system，Actively participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system。China is a firm maintenanceer and builder of the current international order，Actively promote the development of the global governance system in a more fair and reasonable direction，Commonly in line with the universal needs of countries around the world。The change of the global governance system must better reflect the changes in the international structure，More balanced reflecting the wishes and interests of most countries, especially emerging market countries and developing countries。Promoting the change of the global governance system is not to push down，Not a separate stove，but keep pace with the times、Innovation and perfect。As the world's largest developing country，China firmly abides and maintains the rules of the World Trade Organization，Support open、Transparent、tolerance、Non -discriminated multilateral trade system，Support the necessary reforms of the World Trade Organization。China insists on opening up and integrate、Road to mutual benefit and win -win，Build an open world economy，Strengthen the Group of 20、Cooperation in multilateral frameworks such as the Asia -Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization，Promoting trade and investment liberalization facilitation，Solve the problem of imbalanced and unequal world economic development，Promoting economic globalization is more open、tolerance、British、Balance、A win -win direction development。

　　Facing the adverse effects of Sino -US economic and trade friction，China will insist on independence、Self -reliance，Deepening reform、Expansion open，Highway the road to high quality development，Do your own affairs。Regardless of the past、Now and in the future，China will put the development of the country and the nation on the base point of its own strength，Adhere to national self -esteem and self -confidence，firmly take your own way，Accelerate the enhancement of independent innovation ability and strength，Efforts to achieve key core technology autonomous controlled，Hold the initiative of innovation and development in your own hands。

　　No matter how the situation develops and changes，China insists on doing its own thing。Development and expansion of yourself through reform and opening up，It is the fundamental way to deal with economic and trade frictions。China will continue to deepen reform and opening up，The door to China will not close，It will only open the larger and bigger。President Xi Jinping announced in the keynote speech of the opening ceremony of the second "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum，China will take a series of major reform and opening up measures，Strengthen institutional、Structural arrangement，Promote higher levels Sky bet online sports betting APP download of opening up，Including the expansion of the foreign Sky bet online sports betting APP download market in the broader field、greater intensity to strengthen international cooperation in intellectual property protection、larger scale increase products and service imports、More effective implementation of international macroeconomic policy coordination、Pay more attention to the implementation of the policy of opening up to the outside world。A more open China，It will form a more benign interaction with the world，Bring a more progressive and prosperous China and the world。

　　(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, June 16th)

　　"People's Daily" (June 17, 2019 04 version)

Editor in charge: Wang Shiyang